Risk factors for adolescent pregnancy in the new normal era of the COVID-19 pandemic: a case-control study

Cases of early marriage are reported to have increased during the pandemic due to stressed teenagers with the pressure of online learning. The increase in this number plays a role in increasing the risk of teenage pregnancy. This study aimed to analyse the risk factors for adolescent pregnancies during the new normal era of the COVID-19 pandemic. A case-control design using a simple random sampling technique involved 40 pregnant adolescents aged 15-19 years and 80 non-pregnant adolescents during the online learning period (July 2021 to January 2022) in Ngawi Regency, Indonesia. Data obtained from interviews were analysed to find Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results showed factors associated with adolescent pregnancies were underpaid parental income (OR 4.00, 95%CI 1.64-9.74), authoritarian and permissive parenting (OR 12.75, 95%CI 4.71-34.46), lack of exposure to media about reproductive health (OR 7.91, 95%CI 3.32-18.84), risky dating behaviour (OR 37.09, 95%CI 4.86-283.25), and smoking habit (OR 5.57, 95%CI 1.03-30.12). Preventing adolescent pregnancies could be done through public health education focusing on adolescent communities, parent-child discussion on reproductive health, as well as exposure to educative media related to reproductive health and the impacts of juvenile delinquency.

Analysis of Measles-rubella Surveillance in East Java Province during COVID-19's Pandemic

Introduction: Measles-Rubella are infectious diseases caused by paramyxovirus viruses transmitted through sneezing, coughing droplets (Ministry of Health, 2019). The suspected MR case in East Java Province, Indonesia in 2019 (668 cases), 2020 decreased significantly (213 cases). Trend of discarded rate of MR cases in East Java Province 2019-2020 shows 13th ranked. The elimination's target of MR surveillance in Indonesia there is no transmission of the virus by adequate surveillance for 3 consecutive years (East Java Provincial Health Office, 2021). Aim: Analyzing problems of MR surveillance in East Java Province during COVID-19's pandemic. Methods: This research is a descriptive study which is classified as an evaluation study. Respondents are the East Java Provincial surveillance officer health centers conducted on January 2021. Analyzing by system approach. Results: MR surveillance problems in East Java Province during the COVID-19's pandemic is suspected MR cases by IgM not reached the target (89.47%). The determinants are input aspect include man (the surveillancer are shifted to focus on COVID-19), the material-machines (MR laboratory's tools limited cause focused on COVID-19 specimens), the money (MR surveillance limited funds), the market (underreporting cases), the method (guidelines still not understanding yet). Process aspect (data analysis, interpretation doesn't completed). Output aspect (decreasing confirmed cases 83%). Conclusion: Many obstacles and inconsistencies in the MR surveillance guidelines through system approach effects MR findings because focus on handling COVID-19, so this research needs to be carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic. MR's morbidity and mortality must be controlled. © 2022 UPM Press. All rights reserved.

Neurological manifestation as an implication of covid-19 pandemic at a hospital in aceh, Indonesia

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has quickly spread to more than 200 countries as a global health pandemic. The outbreak of the COVID-19 infection in Wuhan (China) has brought its clinicians to investigate different manifestations, including neurological presentations of this novel infection. As of 12 October 2020, the number of deaths due to COVID-19 is 1.08 million worldwide, with 11,935 cases in Indonesia and 209 cases in Aceh. This study aimed to determine the neurological manifestations in patients confirmed with COVID-19. Methods: A Retrospective cross-sectional study design from neurology patients who diagnosed with COVID-19 and were hospitalized at the Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital from March to September 2020. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) swab test that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: We collected 36 cases, consisting of 19 males (53%) and 17 females (47%) with a mean age of> 60 years 47%. According to the comorbidities data, 53% of patients were smoking, 47% had hypertension, 8% had diabetes mellitus, 8% had a history of stroke, and 8% had malignancy. Neurological manifestations included limbs weakness and cranial nerve paresis (55%), decreased consciousness (39%), and headache (22%). At admission, several patients had stroke (47%), cephalgia (14%), metabolic encephalopathy (8%), and vertigo (5%). Finally, 16 patients died during the period of observation. Conclusion: Patients with COVID-19 commonly have neurological manifestations such as limb weakness, cranial nerve paresis, decreased consciousness, headache, dizziness, olfactory disturbances, and seizures. © 2021, Sanglah General Hospital. All rights reserved.

Public health perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic: Host characteristics and prevention of COVID-19 in the community (Review)

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a recent, ongoing global concern that has affected >200 countries worldwide. Numerous cases of COVID-19 have been reported. The confirmed cases of COVID-19 have increased unexpectedly and continuously to 1,051,635 and the confirmed deaths have reached up to 56,985 on April 4, 2020. COVID-19 is a novel disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, and there are currently no vaccines or drugs available for its prevent or treatment. The whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in January, 2020 during the spread of COVID-19. A number of researchers are determining the characteristics of this virus in order to develop vaccines, drugs and proper prevention steps with which to attenuate the spread of COVID-19. The present review aimed to discuss the characteristics and prevention strategies of COVID-19. The response from the public health perspective is important to prevent the further escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic through communities. This is based on the characteristics of COVID-19, not only of the virus itself, but also of the infected host, such as the level of illness, symptoms, vulnerable groups (age, sex and health status) and fatality rates. There are several public health interventions which may be used to combat COVID-19, namely, i) social and physical distancing, travel restrictions, self-quarantine and lockdown;ii) personal hygiene and good sanitation, such as the washing of hands, covering of the mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing and spraying disinfectants on surroundings;iii) boosting immunity by the consumption of nutritious food, getting sufficient rest and taking supplements or vitamins;iv) case detection, contact tracing and mass testing;and v) vaccine development. The understanding of COVID-19 characteristics and appropriate prevention strategies may suppress the rapid and extensive spread of COVID-19. © 2020 World Academy of Sciences Journal. All rights reserved.